#### Further Information

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• ### What is the formula used to calculate the ASCE 7 wind velocity profile?

The wind velocity profile in RWIND Simulation according to the ASCE 7-16 standard [1] is calculated based on Eq. 26.10-1. The coefficients and basic wind speed in this equation below are incorporated in the wind pressure equation.

Velocity wind pressure (imperial): qz = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd Ke V2

We must reference this equation to calculate the inlet velocity relative to elevation for the RWIND Simulation CFD wind tunnel. To consider only velocity rather than pressure from this equation, the basic wind speed is multiplied by the square-root of each coefficient. Notice the velocity variable in Eq. 26.10-1 is squared which requires the square root of the coefficients to be considered.

$Inlet\;velocity\;=\;V\sqrt{K_e\;\cdot\;K_{d\;}\cdot\;K_z\;\cdot\;K_{zt}}$

Because the ASCE 7-16 standard does not address wind CFD analysis and magnitude of the required inlet velocity, it is difficult to draw comparisons. Therefore, this is the closest estimate for calculating the RWIND Simulation inlet wind velocity per the code.

• ### According to which regulation or standard are composite beams designed in the program COMPOSITE‑BEAM 8.xx?

The COMPOSITE‑BEAM program allows for design of composite beams according to the preliminary standard ENV 1994‑1‑1:1992:10.

Until further notice, the pre-standard is only implemented. The design according to EN 1994‑1‑1 is currently not possible.

• ### When running PLATE‑BUCKLING as a stand‑alone program or as an add‑on module within RFEM/RSTAB, the "from RFEM" or "from RSTAB" button is grayed out.

If the PLATE‑BUCKLING add-on module is not opened as a stand-alone version, but via RFEM or RSTAB, it is possible to import the panels (c/t parts of a member cross-section) and the respective load cases of the RFEM or RSTAB model to PLATE‑BUCKLING (see the figure).

If there are no valid cross-sections of PLATE‑BUCKLING found in the model file of RFEM/RSTAB, the option for importing the buckling panels remains inactive.
• ### Is the Gust-effect (G or Gf) from the ASCE 7-16 Sect. 26.11 considered in RWIND Simulation?

Yes, the Gust-factor G or Gf, can be adjusted in RWIND Simulation. This value can be changed within the "Wind load" tab under "Wind velocity."

In the ASCE 7-16, the conservative value for the Gust-factor, G, is 0.85 for rigid buildings. The engineer can calculate an alternative and more accurate value. The Gust-effect, Gf, for flexible buildings accounts for size and gust size similar to rigid buildings but also considers dynamic amplification including wind speed, natural frequency, and damping ratio.

• ### Will other standards be added to the wind profile generation options in RWIND Simulation?

Additional standards and codes to generate the wind profile automatically in RWIND Simulation will be added in the future. We are always considering feedback from our current customers on which standards will be beneficial.

• ### Does software RWIND Simulation account for the internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) from the ASCE 7-16?

The internal pressure coefficients do not need to be considered with in the RWIND Simulation program.

RWIND Simulation always outputs the net pressure on the surfaces in RFEM. When it comes to a simulation with a building that has open windows in RWIND Simulation, there is an internal pressure acting on the inside of the building. The program uses this information to determine the resulting pressure based on the external and internal surfaces. This can be seen in Figure 1.

A comparison cannot be made between this coefficient in the standard and a CFD calculation because there is no direct correlation.

• ### Is it possible to manually adjust detail categories or a stress cycle of the detail categories?

You can control the detail categories in Window "1.3 Cross-Section" and in the "Edit Detail Categories" dialog box.

The specified standard values can be selected here. Unfortunately, it is not possible to manually adjust these values.

• ### How can I design a reinforced concrete cross-section in SHAPE‑MASSIVE?

In SHAPE-MASSIVE, it is necessary to activate the reinforced concrete design in General Data. As soon as the design is active, you can make the corresponding settings for the design in a separate tab (Figure 01).

There are three types of the design:

Stress-Strain Distribution (Example 01):
It is possible to determine the existing design ratio by specifying the internal forces.

Design Safety (Example 02):
The program determines the state of failure (ratio = 100%) and, related to this, the available safety.

Design (Example 03):
By specifying the maximum and the minimum diameter, or the minimum and the maximum reinforcement, it is possible to increase the reinforcement within the design.

Irrespective of which one of these three methods is used, it is necessary to specify the reinforcement position and the acting internal force (Figure 02).
• ### Does the fatigue design in CRANEWAY also consider welded stiffeners?

If the stiffeners are welded into the crane runway, it is necessary to consider the corresponding detail category for the fatigue design in compliance with EN 1993‑1‑9, Table 8.4, Detail 7. This is implemented in CRANEWAY by creating additional stress points at the connection point of the stiffeners to the cross-section. They can be adjusted manually in the settings for the detail categories, depending on the stiffener geometry.

During the fatigue design of the craneway girder, the design of the axial stress range is additionally performed in the newly created stress points for the x‑locations where is the stiffener.

• ### How is it possible to optimize the calculation time in CRANEWAY?

In the case of long crane runways and many cranes, the large number of load combinations can lead to a long calculation time. The following settings affect the calculation time significantly:

###### Calculation Method for Determining Internal Forces
• Fast calculation (a calculation of all load combinations according to the linear static analysis, then a calculation of the governing load combinations according to the second-order torsional buckling analysis)
• Detailed calculation (a calculation of all load combinations according to the second-order torsional buckling analysis)
The fast calculation type may therefore be useful for preliminary design.

###### Maximum Target Length of Finite Elements
The maximum length of the finite elements generated for the calculation according to the second-order torsional buckling analysis can be entered within the range of 100 mm to 2,500 mm. The calculation time can be increased significantly by the finer division of finite elements.
Thus, you should select a reasonable length of the finite elements for an optimized calculation time, depending on the structural system. Usually, 8 elements for each girder span are enough to calculate the deformations with a deviation of less than 5% with regard to a precise solution.

You can use a reasonable setting of the load increment to control the number of generated load combinations. When entering the load increment, the generated number of crane load positions and load combinations is already displayed in a preview. A small load increment may result in many load combinations that take more time in the calculation accordingly.

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If not, contact us via our free e-mail, chat, or forum support, or send us your question via the online form.

#### First Steps

We provide hints and tips to help you get started with the main programs RFEM and RSTAB.

#### Wind Simulation & Wind Load Generation

With the stand-alone program RWIND Simulation, wind flows around simple or complex structures can be simulated by means of a digital wind tunnel.

The generated wind loads acting on these objects can be imported to RFEM or RSTAB.

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