#### Further Information

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• ### I have a model with relatively short members as couplings. The display of internal forces is confusing due to the short members. Is there any way to display the internal forces to be legible?

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In this case, the "Without Diagram" display option for members is suitable:

"Display" navigator → "Results" → "Members" → "Without Diagram", see Figure 01.

• ### How can I consider eccentric load introduction for surfaces?

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In this regard, there are several options.

On the one hand, you can decompose the eccentric load into the vertical component and the moment component, and model the loading by using line loads.

On the other hand, you can apply the line load eccentrically to the surface by means of an additional surface with the surface type - Stiffness "Rigid."

• ### Is it possible to perform a detailed analysis of connections, supports, or reinforcements of cross‑laminated timber plates in RF‑LAMINATE?

In principle, it is also possible to perform detailed analysis in RF‑LAMINATE. In the case of a very high shear distortion, for example, it can be reasonable to use orthotropic solids for modeling. The video shows a simple modeling and result evaluation of a layer structure by using solids.

A criterion, as of when is the modeling using solids useful, is the shear correction factor. Further information and other criteria can be found in the following FAQ:

• ### How can I generate a restraint or a spring for the support in RX‑TIMBER Glued-Laminated Beam?

In addition to the predefined supports "fixed" and "free," RX‑TIMBER Glued-Laminated Beam provides an option to define a restraint by using the "Column" feature. Using the relation of the height, the cross-section and the definition from "Hinged" to "Restrained," the spring stiffnesses are analytically calculated and displayed in the bottom right corner of the window (see Figure 01). These are then taken into account for the calculation. If you want to connect the beam rigidly to the column, you can use this feature.
• ### How can you specify in PLATE-BUCKLING, whether it shall comprise a rigid or non-rigid stiffener (end post) when calculating the reduction factor at shear buckling?

In the Details, the PLATE-BUCKLING provides a choice between a rigid and non-rigid stiffener (end post) to specify the shear buckling reduction factor (see Figure 1).
• ### How is the coupling between the individual layers controlled in the RF‑LAMINATE add-on module?

Generally, the module assumes that there is a rigid coupling between the layers.

More information about the calculation with the RF‑LAMINATE add-on module can be found in the respective manual. This also explains special features of various material models (isotropic, orthotropic, and hybrid).

• ### Is it possible to model a semi-rigid composite beam with a line release using members in RFEM?

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Yes, it is possible. For this, you should ensure that one beam is only modelled first, whose lines are released with a line release. You will then add another member to the automatically generated copies of the lines.

For split beams, make sure that both members connected on the nodes are released in the table of line releases. The downloads below show the example of a timber-concrete composite slab from [1] as a calculated model.

If a member with the material "concrete" is used, make sure that the function shown in Figure 02 is deactivated in the FE mesh settings. The division for the nonlinear reinforced concrete calculation is not compatible with the line releases.
• ### How can I enter the torsional rigidity (cross-section deformation) in the rotational restraint? I cannot find them anywhere in the program.

Cross-section deformations can be activated or deactivated in the parameters of members and sets of members (see Figure 01). The cross-section deformation is calculated according to EN 1993‑1‑1 as follows:

$\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle{\mathrm C}_{\vartheta,\mathrm k}}=\;\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle{\mathrm C}_{\mathrm{ϑR},\mathrm k}}\;+\;\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle{\mathrm C}_{\mathrm{ϑC},\mathrm k}}\;+\;\frac{\displaystyle1}{\displaystyle{\mathrm C}_{\mathrm{ϑD},\mathrm k}}$

After the calculation, the value is displayed in result tables (see Figure 02).

The information about calculating the value can be found in the relevant literature or in the manual for the RF-LTB add-on module.

• ### In the design of a classic rigid end plate joint, the moments about the major axis (y‑axis) are only considered. If the moments are entered about the minor axis, the resulting tensile forces are not taken into account in the design. Am I correct?

Designs in our module RF-/JOINTS Steel - Rigid are based on the assumptions and regulations of the standard EN 1993‑1‑8. Here, bending from the main beam plane is not considered.

In RFEM, it is possible to model any rigid joint. All internal forces can then be taken into account.

• ### How can I display the internal forces of a coupling member or rigid member?

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The display of internal forces for couplings (coupling members, rigid members) is deactivated by default. However, you can quickly enable the display of internal forces and deformations for these member types in the Display navigator (see the figure).

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#### First Steps

We provide hints and tips to help you get started with the main programs RFEM and RSTAB.

#### Wind Simulation & Wind Load Generation

With the stand-alone program RWIND Simulation, wind flows around simple or complex structures can be simulated by means of a digital wind tunnel.

The generated wind loads acting on these objects can be imported to RFEM or RSTAB.

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