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2023-09-28

Não linearidade do material

Se o módulo de análise Comportamento de material não linear se encontra activado (é necessário uma licença) em Modelo - Dados gerais, existem outras opções para selecção na lista de modelos de material para além da opção 'Isotrópico | Linear Elastic' and 'Orthotropic | Linear Elastic' material models.

If you use nonlinear material models in RFEM, an iterative calculation is always performed. Dependendo do modelo do material, é definida uma relação diferente entre tensões e deformações.

A rigidez dos elementos finitos é ajustada repetidamente no decurso das iterações até que a relação tensão-deformação seja cumprida. The adjustment is always carried out for an entire surface or solid element. Therefore, we recommend always using the Constant on mesh elements smoothing type when evaluating stresses.

Some material models in RFEM are indicated by 'Plastic', others by 'Nonlinear Elastic'.

If a structural component with a nonlinear elastic material is released again, the strain goes back on the same path. When completely unloaded, there is no strain left.

When unloading a structural component with a Plastic material model, the strain remains after it has been completely unloaded.

Background information about nonlinear material models can be found in the technical article describing the Yield laws in isotropic nonlinear elastic material model.

The internal forces and moments in plates with nonlinear material result from the numerical integration of the stresses over the thickness d of the plate. To define the integration method for the thickness, select the Specify integration method option in the 'Edit Thickness' dialog box. The following integration methods are available:

  • Quadratura de Gauss-Lobatto
  • Regra de Simpson
  • Regra do trapézio

Furthermore, you can specify the 'Number of integration points' from 3 to 99 by the plate thickness.

Informação

A theoretical explanation of the individual integration methods can be found in the Multilayer Surfaces online manual.

Isotropic Plastic (Members)

When selecting the Isotropic | Plastic (Members) entry in the 'Material model' drop-down list, the tab for entering nonlinear material parameters is enabled.

In this tab, you define the stress-strain diagram. Estão disponíveis as seguintes opções:

  • Basic
  • Bilinear
  • Diagrama tensão-deformação

If Basic is selected, RFEM uses a bilinear material model. Values from the material database are used for the modulus of elasticity E and the yield strength fy For numerical reasons, the branch of the graph is not exactly horizontal, but has a small Ep slope.

If you want to change the values for yield strength and modulus of elasticity, activate the "User-defined material" check box in the 'Main' tab.

For a bilinear definition, you can also enter a value for Ep.

More complex relations between stress and strain can be defined by means of the "Stress-strain diagram". When selecting this option, the 'Stress-Strain Diagram' tab is displayed.

Define a point for the stress-strain relation in each table row. You can select how the diagram continues after the last definition point in the 'Diagram end' list below the diagram:

In the case of 'Tearing', stress after the last definition point jumps back to zero. 'Yielding' means that stress remains constant when strain increases. 'Continuous' means that the graph continues with the slope of the last section.

Informação

In this material model, the stress-strain diagram refers to the longitudinal stress σx. Different yield strengths for tension and compression cannot be considered by this material model.

Isotropic Plastic (Surfaces/Solids)

When selecting the "Isotropic | Plastic (Surfaces/Solids)" entry in the 'Material model' drop-down list, the tab for entering nonlinear material parameters is enabled.

Wählen Sie zunächst die 'Spannungsversagenshypothese' aus. Zur Auswahl stehen diese Hypothesen:

First, select the 'Stress failure hypothesis'. The following hypotheses are available for selection:

  • von Mises (von Mises yield criterion)
  • Tresca (Tresca yield criterion)
  • Drucker-Prager
  • Mohr-Coulomb

When selecting "von Mises", the following stress is used in the stress-strain diagram:

Superfícies:

Sólidos:

According to the "Tresca" hypothesis, the following stress is used:

Superfícies:

Sólidos:

According to the "Drucker-Prager" hypothesis, the following stress is used for surfaces and solids:

According to the "Mohr-Coulomb" hypothesis, the following stress is used for surfaces and solids:

Isotropic Nonlinear Elastic (Members)

The functionality largely corresponds to that of the isotropic plastic (members) material model. The difference is that no plastic strain remains after the unloading.

Isotropic Nonlinear Elastic (Surfaces/Solids)

The functionality largely corresponds to that of the isotropic plastic (surfaces/solids) material model. The difference is that no plastic strain remains after the unloading.

Isotropic Damage (Surfaces/Solids)

Em contraste com outros modelos de materiais, o diagrama de tensão-deformação para este modelo de material não é antimétrico à origem. Thus, the behavior of steel fiber-reinforced concrete can be displayed with this material model, for example. Find detailed information about modeling steel fiber-reinforced concrete in the technical article about Determining the material properties of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete.

Neste modelo de material, a rigidez isotrópica é reduzida com um parâmetro de dano escalar. O parâmetro de dano é determinado a partir da curva de tensão definida no diagrama. A direção das tensões principais não é tida em consideração, pelo contrário, os danos ocorrem na direção da deformação equivalente, que também cobre a terceira direção perpendicular ao plano. A área de tração e compressão do tensor de tensão é tratada separadamente. Different damage parameters apply in each case.

O "Tamanho do elemento de referência" controla como a deformação na área da fenda é escalada em relação ao comprimento do elemento. Com o valor predefinido zero, não é realizado o dimensionamento. Assim, o comportamento de material do betão reforçado com fibras de aço é modelado de forma realista.

Find more information about the theoretical background of the 'Isotropic Damage' material model in the technical article describing the [https://www.dlubal.com/en/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001461 Nonlinear Material Model Damage.

Orthotropic Plastic (Surfaces) / Orthotropic Plastic (Solids)

The material model according to "Tsai-Wu" unifies plastic with orthotropic properties. This allows for special modeling of materials with anisotropic characteristics, such as fiber-reinforced plastics or timber.

Se o material é plastificado, as tensões permanecem constantes. A redistribuição é realizada de acordo com as rigidezes disponíveis nas direções individuais.

BILD

BILD

The elastic area corresponds to the Orthotropic material model. The following yielding condition according to Tsai-Wu applies to the plastic zone:

Surfaces (2D):

FORMEL

Solids (3D):

FORMEL

Todas as tensões tem de ser definidas de forma positiva.

A condição de cedência pode ser imaginada como sendo uma superfície elíptica num espaço de tensões de seis dimensões. Se um dos três componentes de tensão for aplicado como um valor constante, é possível uma projeção da superfície num espaço de tensão tridimensional.

If the value for fy(σ) according to the Tsai-Wu equation, plane stress condition, is smaller than 1, the stresses are in the elastic zone. The plastic zone is reached as soon as fy(σ) = 1. Values higher than 1 are not allowed. The model behavior is ideal-plastic, which means there is no stiffening.

Secção original