Safety factor determined by the ϕ‑c‑reduction. This indicates the extent to which the strength parameters of the soil material, cohesion c, and internal friction angle ϕ, can be reduced in order to achieve numerical stability, that is, a state of equilibrium.
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Safety and reduction factor |
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Characteristic internal friction angle |
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Reduced internal friction angle (at failure) |
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Characteristic value of cohesion |
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Reduced cohesion (at failure) |