Modern buildings are designed with spaces tailored to personal desires and dreams, expressing individual lifestyles. These requirements often include ceilings - whether in houses, office buildings, or public buildings - that have an enormous span and no support, allowing optimal use of the space below. However, this requires a very high stability level for load‑bearing capacity and serviceability reasons. By extending the size of beam or plate cross-sections, you can increase the stability, but the cost effectiveness decreases because of the additional consumption of material. One common solution for these large spans is to use timber or steel downstand beams.