Eurocode 2 provides two ways to perform a crack width design. On one hand, the crack width design according to 7.3.3 can be performed without direct calculation by means of tables for the limitation of the member spacing and diameter. On the other hand, the crack width wk can be determined directly according to 7.3.4 and compared to a limit value.
In theory, an ideal gas consists of freely moving mass particles without extension in a volume space. In this space, each particle moves at a speed in one direction. The collision of one particle with another particle or the volume limitations leads to a deflection and a change in the speed of the particles.
The form-finding process in RF-FORM-FINDING displaces the corner nodes of FE elements of a membrane surface in space until the defined surface stress is in equilibrium with the boundary conditions. This displacement is independent of the element geometry. In the case of elements with four corner nodes, the free displacement may cause spatial drilling in the element plane and thus exceed the validity limits of the calculation; therefore, triangular elements are generally recommended for form‑finding systems. Triangular elements remain independent of the corner node displacement and stay within the calculation limitations.