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1. ## Entering Lateral Supports and Their Effects in RF-/STEEL EC3

When designing steel columns or steel beams, it is usually necessary to carry out cross-section and stability analyses. In most cases, cross-section design can be carried out without giving further details; the stability design, however, needs additional user-defined specifications. To a certain extent, the member is cut out from the structure and therefore, the support conditions have to be specified. This is particularly important to determine the ideal critical moment for lateral torsional buckling Mcr. In addition, the correct effective lengths Lcr have to be defined. They are necessary for the internal calculation of the slenderness ratios.

3. ## Cross-Section Design of Two-Span Beam

The cross-section class of a two-span beam will be designed in the following. In addition, the necessary cross-section designs will be performed. The global stability failure will be excluded due to sufficient stabilizing measures.
4. ## Modeling Joints as Surface Model

With RF-/FRAME-JOINT Pro, it is possible to design frame joints according to DIN 18800 or Eurocode 3. When considering non-standardized joints or taking a closer look at the joint and its behavior, it is recommended to use a modeling as surface model. The following article will show how such a model is created in principle.
5. ## Stiffened Buckling Panels According to EN 1993-1-5, Section 4.5

In SHAPE-THIN, it is possible to perform the calculation of stiffened buckling panels according to Section 4.5 of EN 1993-1-5. For stiffened buckling panels, the effective surfaces due to local buckling of the single panels in the plate and in the stiffeners as well as the effective surfaces from the entire panel buckling of the stiffened entire panel have to be considered.
6. ## Influence of Slip of Standardized Joints in Steel Structures

This article deals with the stiffness of standardized joints according to the DSTV (German Steel Construction Association)/DASt (German Committee for Structural Steelwork) standards, often used in steel construction, and its effects on structural analysis and design results according to DIN EN 1993-1-1.
7. ## Fin Plate Connections: Theory and Application

Fin plate connections are a popular form of pinned steel connections and are commonly used for secondary beams in steel structures. They can be easily used in beam structures arranged on the top edge, e.g. working platforms. Manufacturing expenditures in the workshop as well as the assembly costs on-site are normally manageable. The design seems to be completed easily and quickly, but has to be put into perspective to a certain extent in the following. Moreover, this connection type is basically possible as pinned beam to beam or pinned beam to column connection, whereas the first case is the more common one in design practice.
8. ## Consideration of Holes in Tension Design

For the tension design according to Clause 6.2.3 EN 1993-1-1, the following formulas are given to determine the tension resistance.

$\begin{array}{l}\mathrm{Equation}\;6.6:\;{\mathrm N}_{\mathrm{pl},\mathrm{Rd}}\;=\;\frac{\mathrm A\;\cdot\;{\mathrm f}_\mathrm y}{{\mathrm\gamma}_{\mathrm M0}}\\\mathrm{Equation}\;6.7:\;{\mathrm N}_{\mathrm u,\mathrm{Rd}}\;=\;\frac{0.9\;\cdot\;{\mathrm A}_\mathrm{net}\;\cdot\;{\mathrm f}_\mathrm u}{{\mathrm\gamma}_{\mathrm M2}}\end{array}$
9. ## FEM Modeling Approaches of Rigid Connections

Especially when the adjacent area of connection points should be analyzed, the geometry or load of the connection does not correspond to the standard specifications and/or a structure should be analyzed with an FE model (for example in plant engineering), it is necessary to evaluate the connections in detail on the FE model.
10. ## Design for the Lower Flange of Suspension Cranes According to DIN EN 1993-6

For suspension cranes, the bottom chord of the runway girder is subjected to local flange bending due to the wheel loads in addition to the main load bearing capacity. The bottom chord behaves like a slab due to these local bending stresses and has a biaxial stress condition [1].

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