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Defining the appropriate effective length is crucial in obtaining the correct member design capacity. For X-bracing that is connected at the center, engineers often wonder if the full end-to-end length of the member shall be used, or whether using half of the length to where the members are connected is sufficient. This article outlines the recommendations given by the AISC and provides an example on how to specify the effective length of the X-braces in RFEM.
In Germany, DIN EN 1991-1-4 with the National Annex DIN EN 1991-1-4/NA regulates the wind loads. The standard applies to civil engineering works up to an altitude of 300 m.
According to Clause 6.2.2 (6) of EN 1993‑1‑8:2010‑12, you can apply friction using the friction coefficient to design the shear capacity.
Both the determination of natural vibrations and the response spectrum analysis are always performed on a linear system. If nonlinearities exist in the system, they are linearized and thus not taken into account. They are caused by, for example, tension members, nonlinear supports, or nonlinear hinges. This article shows how you can handle them in a dynamic analysis.
For the stability design of members and sets of members with a uniform cross-section, you can use the equivalent member method according to EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.1 to 6.3.3. However, as soon as a tapered cross-section is available, this method can no longer be used, or only used to a limited extent. The RF-/STEEL EC3 add-on module can automatically recognize these cases and switch to the general method.
Windbreak structures are special types of fabric structures which protect the environment from harmful chemical particles, abate wind erosion, and help to maintain valuable sources. RFEM and RWIND are used for wind-structure analysis as one-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI).
This article demonstrates how to structural design windbreak structures using RFEM and RWIND.
In RF-STEEL Surfaces, it is possible to display the stresses relevant for the design of welds, for example, according to EN 1993‑1‑8, Figure 4.5. When evaluating the stress components, the local xyz-axis system of the surfaces must be considered.
In SHAPE-THIN, the calculation of stiffened buckling panels can be performed according to Section 4.5 of EN 1993-1-5. For stiffened buckling panels, the effective surfaces due to local buckling of the single panels in the plate and in the stiffeners, as well as the effective surfaces from the entire panel buckling of the stiffened entire panel, have to be considered.
This technical article analyzes the effects of the connection stiffness on the determination of internal forces, as well as the design of connections using the example of a two-story, double-spanned steel frame.
The RF‑/STEEL Warping Torsion module extension of the RF‑/STEEL EC3 add‑on module allows you to design members with asymmetric cross‑sections. The new option is fully integrated in the design module and can be activated for sets of members.