In the current validation example, we investigate wind pressure coefficient (Cp) for both main structural members (Cp,ave) and secondary structural members such as cladding or façade systems (Cp,local) based on NBC 2020 [1] and
Japanese Wind Tunnel Data Base
for low-rise building with 45 degree slope. The recommended setting for three-dimensional flat roof with sharp eaves will be described in the next part.
A structure made of I-profile is fully fixed on the left end and embedded into the sliding support on the right end. The structure consists of two segments. The self-weight is neglected in this example. Determine the maximum deflection of the structure uz,max, the bending moment My on the fixed end, the rotation &svarphi;2,y of the segment 2 and the reaction force RBz by means of the geometrically linear analysis and the second-order analysis. The verification example is based on the example introduced by Gensichen and Lumpe.
In the current validation example, we investigate wind pressure value for both general structural design (Cp,10) and local structural design such as cladding or façade systems (Cp,1) based on EN 1991-1-4 flat roof example [1] and
Japanese Wind Tunnel Data Base
. The recommended setting for three-dimensional flat roof with sharp eaves will be described in the next part.
In the current validation example, we investigate wind pressure coefficient (Cp) of flat roof and walls with ASCE7-22 [1]. In the section 28.3 (Wind loads - main wind force resisting system) and Figure 28.3-1 (load case 1), there is a table which shows Cp value for different roof angle.
In the current validation example, we investigate wind pressure value for both general structural designs (Cp,10) and cladding or façade design (Cp,1) of rectangular plan buildings with EN 1991-1-4 [1]. There are three dimensional cases that we will explain more about if in the next part.
The Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ) has presented a number of well-known benchmark scenarios of wind simulation. The following article deals with "Case D - High-Rise Building Among City Blocks". In the following, the described scenario is simulated in RWIND 2 and the results are compared with the simulated and experimental results by the AIJ.
The available standards, such as EN 1991-1-4 [1], ASCE/SEI 7-16, and NBC 2015 presented wind load parameters such as wind pressure coefficient (Cp) for basic shapes. The important point is how to calculate wind load parameters faster and more accurately rather than working on time-consuming as well as sometimes complicated formulas in standards.
Determine the maximum deflection and maximum radial moment of a simply supported circular plate subjected to uniform pressure, uniform temperature, and differential temperature.
One layered square orthotropic plate is fully fixed at its middle point and subjected to pressure. Compare the deflections of the plate corners to check the correctness of the transformation.
Determine the maximum deformation of a wall divided into two equal parts. The upper and lower parts are made of an elasto-plastic and an elastic material, respectively, and both end planes are restricted to move in the vertical direction. The wall's self-weight is neglected; its edges are loaded with horizontal pressure ph, and the middle plane by vertical pressure.
The verification example describes pressure loads on the walls of buildings in tandem arrangement located at ground level. The buildings are simplified to rectangular objects and scaled down while maintaining the elevation ratios. The pressure distribution on the walls of the model of a medium-high building was conducted by an experiment. The chosen results (pressure coefficient Cp) are compared with the measured values.
The verification example describes the steady-state flow around a high-rise building in city blocks (scaled model). The example is given by the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). The chosen results (velocity magnitude) are compared with the measured values.
A thin plate is fully fixed on the left end and loaded by uniform pressure on the top surface. Determine the maximum deflection. The aim of this example is to show that a surface of the surface stiffness type Without Membrane Tension behaves linearly under bending.
A thin plate is fully fixed on the left end and subjected to a uniform pressure. The plate is brought into the elastic-plastic state by the uniform pressure.
A strut with a circular cross-section is supported according to four basic cases of Euler buckling and subjected to pressure force. Determine the critical load.
A spherical balloon membrane is filled with gas with atmospheric pressure and defined volume (these values are used for FE model definition only). Determine the overpressure inside the balloon due to the given isotropic membrane prestress. The add-on module RF-FORM-FINDING is used for this purpose. Elastic deformations are neglected both in RF-FORM-FINDING and in the analytical solution; self-weight is also neglected in this example.
A pipe with a tubular cross-section is loaded by internal pressure. This internal pressure causes axial deformation of the pipe (the Bourdon effect). Determine the axial deformation of the pipe endpoint.
A thin rectangular orthotropic plate is simply supported and loaded by uniformly distributed pressure. The directions of axes x and y coincide with the principal directions. While neglecting self-weight, determine the maximum deflection of the plate.
A column is composed of a concrete section (rectangle 100/200) and a steel section (profile I 200). It is subjected to pressure force. Determine the critical load and corresponding load factor. The theoretical solution is based on the buckling of a simple beam. In this case, two regions have to be taken into account due to different moments of inertia and material properties.
A thin circular ring of a rectangular cross-section is exposed to external pressure. Determine the critical load and corresponding load factor for in-plane buckling.
A thin-walled conical vessel is filled with water. Thus, it is loaded by hydrostatic pressure. While neglecting self-weight, determine the stresses in the surface line and circumferential direction. The analytical solution is based on the theory of thin-walled vessels. This theory was introduced in Verification Example 0084.
A shell roof structure under pressure load is modeled where the straight edges are free, while at the curved edges the y- and z‑translations are constrained. Neglecting self‑weight, compute the maximum (absolute) vertical deflection, and compare the results with COMSOL Multiphysics 4.3.
A thin-walled spherical vessel is loaded by inner pressure. While neglecting self‑weight, determine the von Mises stress and the radial deflection of the vessel.
This example is a modification of Verification Example 0061; the only difference is that the material of the vessel is incompressible. An open‑ended, thick‑walled vessel is loaded by both inner and outer pressure. While neglecting self‑weight, the radial deflection of the inner and the outer radius is determined.
An open-ended, thick-walled vessel is loaded by inner and outer pressure (therefore, there is no axial stress). While neglecting self-weight, the radial deflection of the inner and the outer radius is determined.
A two-layered, open-ended, thick-walled vessel is loaded by inner and outer pressure; therefore, there is no axial stress. While neglecting self‑weight, the radial deflection of the inner and outer radius, and the pressure (radial stress) in the middle radius is determined.
A thick-walled vessel is loaded by an inner pressure such that the vessel reaches an elastic-plastic state. While neglecting self‑weight, the analytical and numerical solutions for the radial position of the plastic zone border (under the Tresca hypothesis) are determined and compared.
A simply supported rectangular Kirchhoff plate is subjected to both uniform lateral pressure and stretched by a distributed load. The maximum out-of-plane deflection is determined by assuming small deformations.