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When it comes to wind loads on building type structures as per ASCE 7, numerous resources can be found to supplement design standards and aid engineers with this lateral load application. However, engineers may find it more difficult to find similar resources for wind loading on non-building type structures. This article will examine the steps to calculate and apply wind loads as per ASCE 7-16 on a circular reinforced concrete tank with a dome roof.
In Germany, DIN EN 1991-1-4 with the National Annex DIN EN 1991-1-4/NA regulates the wind loads. The standard applies to civil engineering works up to an altitude of 300 m.
Wind blowing parallel to the surfaces of a structure can generate friction forces on these surfaces. This effect is important mainly for very large structures.
RF-PUNCH Pro performs punching shear design on concentrated load application locations (column connection, nodal support, and nodal load) as well as on wall ends and wall corners.
Windbreak structures are special types of fabric structures which protect the environment from harmful chemical particles, abate wind erosion, and help to maintain valuable sources. RFEM and RWIND are used for wind-structure analysis as one-way fluid-structure interaction (FSI).
This article demonstrates how to structural design windbreak structures using RFEM and RWIND.
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- Modeling | Loading
- RFEM 5
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- RSTAB 8
- RX-TIMBER Glued-Laminated Beam 2
- RX-TIMBER Roof 2
- RX-TIMBER Continuous Beam 2
- RX-TIMBER Purlin 2
- RX-TIMBER Frame 2
- RX-TIMBER Column 2
- RX-TIMBER Brace 2
- Buildings
- Concrete Structures
- Steel Structures
- Timber Structures
- Process Manufacturing Plants
- Temporary Structures
- Structural Analysis & Design
- Eurocode 1
- Eurocode 0
In Germany, DIN EN 1991-1-3 with National Annex DIN EN 1991-1-3/NA regulates snow loads. The standard applies to civil engineering works at altitudes of up to 1,500 m above sea level.
When performing shear force design in RF-CONCRETE Members and CONCRETE, you can reduce the acting shear force Vz according to EN 1992-1-1. The following article describes the reduction of the concentrated loads close to the support and the shear force design at the distance d from the support face for a uniform load.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, you can also consider the concrete cover for the foundation according to EN 1992-1-1.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the foundation design requires the definition of the corresponding loading (load cases, load combinations, or result combinations) for different design situations (STR, GEO, UPL, or EQU).
If a rib is part of a nonlinear design or is rigidly connected to following walls, a surface should be used for the modeling instead of a member. So that the rib can still be designed as a member, a result member with the correct eccentricity is required, which transforms the surface internal forces into member internal forces.
In RFEM and RSTAB, different graphical representations of the foundation dimensions are available.
Using RF-CONCRETE Members, concrete column design is possible according to ACI 318-14. Accurately designing concrete column shear and longitudinal reinforcement is important for safety considerations. The following article will confirm the reinforcement design in RF-CONCRETE Members using step-by-step analytical equations as per the ACI 318-14 standard, including required longitudinal steel reinforcement, gross cross-sectional area, and tie size/spacing.
In RF-PUNCH Pro, enlarged column heads can be arranged at point-supported punching shear points, thus increasing the shear force resistance of a reinforced concrete floor. In the following article, we will show the punching shear design with the optional application of an enlarged column head.
The punching shear design, in line with EN 1992-1-1, should be performed for slabs with a concentrated load or reaction. The node where the design of punching shear resistance is performed (that is, where there is a punching problem) is called a node of punching shear. The concentrated load at these nodes can be introduced by columns, concentrated force, or nodal supports. The end of the linear load introduction on slabs is also regarded as a concentrated load and therefore, the shear resistance at wall ends, wall corners, and ends or corners of line loads and line supports should be controlled as well.
Plate girder is an economical choice for long spans construction. I-section steel plate girder typically has a deep web to maximize its shear capacity and flange separation, yet thin web to minimize the self-weight. Due to its large height-to-thickness (h/tw) ratio, transverse stiffeners may be required to stiffen the slender web.
In order to consider inaccuracies regarding the position of masses in a response spectrum analysis, standards for seismic design specify rules that have to be applied in both the simplified and multi-modal response spectrum analyses. These rules describe the following general procedure: The story mass must be shifted by a certain eccentricity, which results in a torsional moment.
According to Book 631 of the DAfStb (German Committee for Structural Concrete), Chapter 2.4, the structural behavior of ceilings changes if their continuous support by walls is interrupted in areas of openings. Depending on the length of the opening area and the plate thickness, measures are necessary regarding the analysis of the ceiling in the area of the opening.
Describing the procedure for the serviceability limit state design of a floor slab made of steel fiber reinforced concrete. This article shows how to perform the corresponding design for the SLS by means of the iteratively determined FEA results.
Steel-fiber-reinforced concrete is mainly used nowadays for industrial floors or hall floors, foundation plates with low loads, basement walls, and basement floors. Since the publication in 2010 of the first guideline about steel-fiber-reinforced concrete by the German Committee for Reinforced Concrete (DAfStb), a structural engineer can use standards for the design of the steel fiber-reinforced concrete composite material, which makes the use of fiber-reinforced concrete increasingly popular in construction. This article describes the nonlinear calculation of a foundation plate made of steel fiber-reinforced concrete in the ultimate limit state with the FEA software RFEM.
When designing reinforced concrete components according to EN 1992‑1‑1 [1], nonlinear methods of determining internal forces for the ultimate and serviceability limit states are possible. In this case, the internal forces and deformations are determined with respect to their nonlinear behaviour. The analysis of stresses and strains in cracked state usually provides the deflections, which clearly exceed the linearly determined values.