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The support conditions of a beam subjected to bending are essential for its resistance to lateral-torsional buckling. If, for example, a single-span beam is held laterally in the middle of the span, the deflection of the compressed flange can be prevented, and a two-wave eigenmode can be enforced. The critical lateral-torsional buckling moment is increased significantly by this additional measure. In the add-on modules for member design, different types of lateral supports on a member can be defined using the "Intermediate supports" input window.
When optimizing cross-sections in the add-on modules, you can also select arbitrarily defined cross-section favorites lists - in addition to the cross-sections from the same cross-section series as the original cross-section.
In the case of open cross-sections, the torsional load is removed mainly via secondary torsion, since the St. Venant torsional stiffness is low compared to the warping stiffness. Therefore, warping stiffeners in the cross-section are particularly interesting for the lateral-torsional buckling analysis, as they can significantly reduce the rotation. For this, end plates or welded stiffeners and sections are suitable.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, you can also consider the concrete cover for the foundation according to EN 1992-1-1.
For automatic load case combination in RFEM and RSTAB, you have to enter the possible interaction of load cases. In addition to the simultaneous or alternative occurrence of all load cases of an action, an option for different combination conditions is possible.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, a graphical display of the result details is available. To see them, go to Window 2.2 Governing Design Criteria after the calculation. In the interactive graphic of this window, individual design-relevant values can be displayed for each design performed.
In RFEM and RSTAB, different graphical representations of the foundation dimensions are available.
For foundation design, it is necessary to define the relevant loads for the respective design situations (STR, GEO, UPL, EQU).
In RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro, you now have the option to design a foundation at one or several nodes of the model.
When calculating foundations according to EC 7 or EC 2, different foundation types or sizes are usually used in one object. However, boundary conditions like the soil parameters, the materials for foundations, concrete covers, and the load combinations selected for design remain the same for all foundations, as a rule.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the user can freely select the proportion of the relieving soil pressure by means of the factor kred.
Occasionally, the question arises how to determine the correct load application point of the positive transverse loads in RF-/STEEL EC3 and RF-/STEEL AISC.
In RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro, the available reinforcing steel diameters can be adjusted by the user. The adjustment of the available rebar diameters works similarly to the same function in the RF‑/CONCRETE (Members) and RF‑/CONCRETE Columns add‑on modules.
In RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro, reinforcement drawings are displayed after designing the foundation, where you can record all necessary structures of the reinforcement steel.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the foundation design requires the definition of the corresponding loading (load cases, load combinations, or result combinations) for different design situations (STR, GEO, UPL, or EQU).
In RFEM 5 as well as RSTAB 8 in RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, you can save the foundation dimensions for all five foundation types as foundation templates in a user-defined database and use them later in other models.
Foundations including dimensions can be saved as a template in a user-defined database.
Eurocode 1, Parts 1 to 3, and American standard ASCE/SEI 7-16 describe the general effects due to snow loads. The load applications for duopitch, monopitch, and flat roofs required by the standards are stored in a tool in RFEM and RSTAB so that these effects can be generated easily.
RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro introduced the geotechnical design of single foundations according to EN 1997‑1 in RFEM 5 and RSTAB 8. Depending on the National Annex preset in the add‑on module, you can determine the bearing resistance using Approach 2 or 3 in compliance with EN 1997‑1 up to Version x.04.0108.
Various optimizations are available with program version x.06.1103. The RF-/FOUNDATION Pro add-on module has also been subjected to further development.
With RFEM version 5.06, member stiffnesses can be influenced by methods that are aligned with US steel construction standard ANSI/AISC 360-10. According to this standard, reduction factor τb must be considered for the determination of internal forces in all members of which the flexural resistance contributes to the model's stability. This coefficient depends on the axial force in the member: The larger the axial force, the larger τb is.
As of program version x.06.1103, you can enter a soil profile in RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro. This gives you the advantage of setting several soil layers with different soil parameters above and below the foundation base. To enter the soil layers, there is a library with various soil types that can also be extended with user‑defined soils. The user-defined soil profile is shown in an interactive information graphic. Any change (for example, a soil thickness modification) is reflected in the graphic immediately.
At first glance, the material list for masonry seems empty. The reason for this is that bricks and mortar can be used in many combinations, which would lead to a very long and unclear list. Therefore, it is necessary first to create a new material for masonry in order to consider these possible combinations in the calculation.
Requirements for the design of structural stability are given in the AISC 360 – 14th Ed. Chapter C. In particular, the direct analysis method provisions, previously located in Appendix 7 of the AISC 360 – 13th Ed., are described in detail. This method is considered an alternative to the effective length method, which in turn eliminates the need for effective length (K) factors other than 1.0.
In the AISC 360 – 14th Ed. C2.2, the direct analysis method requires initial imperfections to be taken into consideration. The important imperfection of recognition is column out-of-plumbness. According to C2.2a, the direct modeling of imperfections is one method to account for the effect of initial imperfections. However, in many situations, the expected displacements may not be known or easily predicted.
According to DIN EN 1990/NA:2010‑12 – NDP to A.1.2.1(1) Comment 2, it is necessary to apply only one of the two climatic actions in the combination expressions for actions according to 6.4.3 and 6.5.3 in the case of places located up to +1,000 m above mean sea level if snow and wind are available as collateral actions, in addition to non‑climatic leading action.
According to DIN EN 1990/NA:2010‑12 - NDP to A.1.2.1(1) Comment 2, it is possible to neglect the combination of snow as a collateral action in cases of wind/snow combination with wind as the leading action in wind zones III and IV.
For the serviceability limit state design according to Section 6.6 of Eurocode EN 1997‑1, settlement has to be calculated for spread foundations. RF-/FOUNDATION Pro allows you to perform the settlement calculation for a single foundation. For this, you can chose between an elastic and a solid foundation. By defining a soil profile, it is possible to consider several soil layers under the foundation base. The results of the settlement, foundation tilting, and vertical soil contact stress distribution are displayed graphically and in tables to provide a quick and clear overview of the calculation performed. In addition to the design of the foundation settlement in RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the structural analysis determines the representative spring constants for the support and can be exported to the structural model of RFEM or RSTAB.
RFEM and RSTAB provides two different methods for the superposition of load cases. Using load combinations, the loads of individual load cases are superimposed and calculated in a "big load case". On the other hand, result combinations only combine the results of the individual load cases. This article describes the with the basis of defining result combinations and explain it in detail on two examples.
In addition to the reinforced concrete design according to EN 1992‑1‑1, RF-/FOUNDATION Pro allows you to perform geotechnical designs according to EN 1997‑1. In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the design of the allowable soil pressure is performed as a ground failure resistance design. If you select CEN as National Annex, you have two options for defining the ground failure resistance. First, you can directly specify the allowable characteristic value of the soil pressure σRk. Second, there is also the option to analytically determine the bearing capacity according to [1], Annex D.