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The support conditions of a beam subjected to bending are essential for its resistance to lateral-torsional buckling. If, for example, a single-span beam is held laterally in the middle of the span, the deflection of the compressed flange can be prevented, and a two-wave eigenmode can be enforced. The critical lateral-torsional buckling moment is increased significantly by this additional measure. In the add-on modules for member design, different types of lateral supports on a member can be defined using the "Intermediate supports" input window.
When optimizing cross-sections in the add-on modules, you can also select arbitrarily defined cross-section favorites lists - in addition to the cross-sections from the same cross-section series as the original cross-section.
In the case of open cross-sections, the torsional load is removed mainly via secondary torsion, since the St. Venant torsional stiffness is low compared to the warping stiffness. Therefore, warping stiffeners in the cross-section are particularly interesting for the lateral-torsional buckling analysis, as they can significantly reduce the rotation. For this, end plates or welded stiffeners and sections are suitable.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, you can also consider the concrete cover for the foundation according to EN 1992-1-1.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, a graphical display of the result details is available. To see them, go to Window 2.2 Governing Design Criteria after the calculation. In the interactive graphic of this window, individual design-relevant values can be displayed for each design performed.
In RFEM and RSTAB, different graphical representations of the foundation dimensions are available.
For foundation design, it is necessary to define the relevant loads for the respective design situations (STR, GEO, UPL, EQU).
In RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro, you now have the option to design a foundation at one or several nodes of the model.
When calculating foundations according to EC 7 or EC 2, different foundation types or sizes are usually used in one object. However, boundary conditions like the soil parameters, the materials for foundations, concrete covers, and the load combinations selected for design remain the same for all foundations, as a rule.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the user can freely select the proportion of the relieving soil pressure by means of the factor kred.
For a timber connection as shown in Figure 01, you can take into account the torsional spring rigidity (spring stiffness for rotation) of the connections. You can determine it by means of the slip modulus of the fastener and the polar moment of inertia of the connection.
In the RF-/TIMBER Pro, RF-/TIMBER AWC, and RF-/TIMBER CSA add-on modules, you can consider the resulting deformation of a member or set of members. In addition to the local directions y and z, you have the option "R." This allows you to compare the total deflection of a girder to the limit values given in the standards.
Besides the standardized gamma method, you can display the semi-rigid composite beams also as a framework model.
Occasionally, the question arises how to determine the correct load application point of the positive transverse loads in RF-/STEEL EC3 and RF-/STEEL AISC.
In RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro, the available reinforcing steel diameters can be adjusted by the user. The adjustment of the available rebar diameters works similarly to the same function in the RF‑/CONCRETE (Members) and RF‑/CONCRETE Columns add‑on modules.
In RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro, reinforcement drawings are displayed after designing the foundation, where you can record all necessary structures of the reinforcement steel.
In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the foundation design requires the definition of the corresponding loading (load cases, load combinations, or result combinations) for different design situations (STR, GEO, UPL, or EQU).
In RFEM 5 as well as RSTAB 8 in RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, you can save the foundation dimensions for all five foundation types as foundation templates in a user-defined database and use them later in other models.
Foundations including dimensions can be saved as a template in a user-defined database.
Eurocode 1, Parts 1 to 3, and American standard ASCE/SEI 7-16 describe the general effects due to snow loads. The load applications for duopitch, monopitch, and flat roofs required by the standards are stored in a tool in RFEM and RSTAB so that these effects can be generated easily.
RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro introduced the geotechnical design of single foundations according to EN 1997‑1 in RFEM 5 and RSTAB 8. Depending on the National Annex preset in the add‑on module, you can determine the bearing resistance using Approach 2 or 3 in compliance with EN 1997‑1 up to Version x.04.0108.
In RF‑/TIMBER Pro, it is also possible to define the effective length for lateral-torsional buckling. The effective length for lateral-torsional buckling is then calculated according to EN 1995‑1‑1, Table 6.1. This option is useful especially for non-uniform load introduction.
Various optimizations are available with program version x.06.1103. The RF-/FOUNDATION Pro add-on module has also been subjected to further development.
With RFEM version 5.06, member stiffnesses can be influenced by methods that are aligned with US steel construction standard ANSI/AISC 360-10. According to this standard, reduction factor τb must be considered for the determination of internal forces in all members of which the flexural resistance contributes to the model's stability. This coefficient depends on the axial force in the member: The larger the axial force, the larger τb is.
As of program version x.06.1103, you can enter a soil profile in RF‑/FOUNDATION Pro. This gives you the advantage of setting several soil layers with different soil parameters above and below the foundation base. To enter the soil layers, there is a library with various soil types that can also be extended with user‑defined soils. The user-defined soil profile is shown in an interactive information graphic. Any change (for example, a soil thickness modification) is reflected in the graphic immediately.
Requirements for the design of structural stability are given in the AISC 360 – 14th Ed. Chapter C. In particular, the direct analysis method provisions, previously located in Appendix 7 of the AISC 360 – 13th Ed., are described in detail. This method is considered an alternative to the effective length method, which in turn eliminates the need for effective length (K) factors other than 1.0.
In the AISC 360 – 14th Ed. C2.2, the direct analysis method requires initial imperfections to be taken into consideration. The important imperfection of recognition is column out-of-plumbness. According to C2.2a, the direct modeling of imperfections is one method to account for the effect of initial imperfections. However, in many situations, the expected displacements may not be known or easily predicted.
For the serviceability limit state design according to Section 6.6 of Eurocode EN 1997‑1, settlement has to be calculated for spread foundations. RF-/FOUNDATION Pro allows you to perform the settlement calculation for a single foundation. For this, you can chose between an elastic and a solid foundation. By defining a soil profile, it is possible to consider several soil layers under the foundation base. The results of the settlement, foundation tilting, and vertical soil contact stress distribution are displayed graphically and in tables to provide a quick and clear overview of the calculation performed. In addition to the design of the foundation settlement in RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the structural analysis determines the representative spring constants for the support and can be exported to the structural model of RFEM or RSTAB.
In addition to the reinforced concrete design according to EN 1992‑1‑1, RF-/FOUNDATION Pro allows you to perform geotechnical designs according to EN 1997‑1. In RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, the design of the allowable soil pressure is performed as a ground failure resistance design. If you select CEN as National Annex, you have two options for defining the ground failure resistance. First, you can directly specify the allowable characteristic value of the soil pressure σRk. Second, there is also the option to analytically determine the bearing capacity according to [1], Annex D.
Using RF-/FOUNDATION Pro, it is possible to perform geotechnical design according to EN 1997‑1 [1] for single foundations. Subsequently, the program displays detailed information about the influence of the ground water level on the selected design according to EN 1997‑1.