This article describes and explains the influence of bending stiffness of cables on their internal forces. Furthermore, the text provides information on how this influence can be reduced.
For the stability verification of members using the equivalent member method, it is necessary to define effective or lateral-torsional buckling lengths in order to determine a critical load for stability failure. In this article an RFEM 6-specific function is presented, by which you can assign an eccentricity to the nodal supports and thus influence the determination of the critical bending moment considered in the stability analysis.
Steel connections in RFEM 6 are defined as an assembly of components. In the new Steel Joints add-on, universally applicable basic components (plates, welds, auxiliary planes) are available for entering complex connection situations. The methods with which connections can be defined are considered in two previous Knowledge Base articles: “A Novel Approach to Designing Steel Joints in RFEM 6" and “Defining Steel Joint Components Using the Library".
The AISC 360-16 steel standard requires stability consideration for a structure as a whole and each of its elements. Various methods for this are available, including direct consideration in the analysis, the effective length method, and the direct analysis method. This article will highlight the important requirements from Ch. C [1] and the direct analysis method to be incorporated in a structural steel model along with the application in RFEM 6.
Defining the appropriate effective length is crucial in obtaining the correct member design capacity. For X-bracing that is connected at the center, engineers often wonder if the full end-to-end length of the member shall be used, or whether using half of the length to where the members are connected is sufficient. This article outlines the recommendations given by the AISC and provides an example on how to specify the effective length of the X-braces in RFEM.
The stability checks for the equivalent member design according to EN 1993-1-1, AISC 360, CSA S16, and other international standards require consideration of the design length (that is, the effective length of the members). In RFEM 6, it is possible to determine the effective length manually by assigning nodal supports and effective length factors or, on the other hand, by importing it from the stability analysis. Both options will be demonstrated in this article by determining the effective length of the framed column in Image 1.
Complex structures are assemblies of structural elements with various properties. However, certain elements can have the same properties in terms of supports, nonlinearities, end modifications, hinges, and so on, as well as design (for example, effective lengths, design supports, reinforcement, service classes, section reductions, and so on). In RFEM 6, these elements can be grouped on the basis of their shared properties and thus can be considered together for both modeling and design.
RFEM 6 includes the Form-Finding add-on to determine the equilibrium shapes of surface models subjected to tension and members subjected to axial forces. Activate this add-on in the model's Base Data and use it to find the geometric position in which the prestress of lightweight structures is in equilibrium with the existing boundary conditions.
In CRANEWAY, the action of a rail as "statically effective" or "statically ineffective" is defined under "Rail‑Flange Connection" in the Details dialog box. This setting controls the calculation of the load introduction length according to EN 1993-6, Tab. 5.1.
The RF-STABILITY add-on module determines any critical load factors, effective lengths, and eigenvectors of RFEM models. Stability analyses can be carried out by various eigenvalue methods, the advantages of which depend on the structural system as well as computer configurations.
For a frame trussed from below, compression members are to be modelled perpendicular to the inclined beam. The member length and the intersection with the horizontal beam are defined.
In the Formula Editor environment, you can specify any parameters (lengths, force values, and so on) to control load and geometry data in the modeling.
In RF‑/STEEL EC3, you can assign the same input data to several members or sets of members at the same time. The simultaneous assignment of the input data is possible for intermediate supports, effective lengths, nodal supports, member end hinges, and shear panel and rotational restraint.
Parameterized entries provide the engineer with an efficiency-increasing tool. This allows entering structural and loading data so that they depend on certain variables. These variables (for example, length, width, live load, and so on) are called parameters.
The Aluminum Design Manual (ADM) 2020 was released in February 2020. The ADM 2020 gives guidance for both the allowable strength design (ASD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD) for aluminum members to ensure reliability and safety for all aluminum structures. This latest standard was integrated in the RFEM/RSTAB add-on module RF-/ALUMINUM ADM. The text below will highlight the applicable updates relevant to the Dlubal programs.
When using interrupted welds between the rail and flange, make sure that the applied weld length does not exceed the length of the rigid load application of the wheel load according to Equation 6.1 in [1].
Until now, the prestress load type had always been an initial prestress in Dlubal Software programs. The defined load magnitude was applied and, depending on the stiffness of the surrounding system, prestress remained more or less as an axial force in the cable.
The RX‑TIMBER stand-alone program offers you the option to optimize the lateral-torsional bracing. With this selection, the program iteratively determines the required minimum length of the lateral-torsional bracing.
When defining the effective slab width of T-beams, RFEM provides the predefined widths that are determined as 1/6 and 1/8 of the member length. A more detailed explanation on these two factors is given below.
According to Book 631 of the DAfStb (German Committee for Structural Concrete), Chapter 2.4, the structural behavior of ceilings changes if their continuous support by walls is interrupted in areas of openings. Depending on the length of the opening area and the plate thickness, measures are necessary regarding the analysis of the ceiling in the area of the opening.
Reinforced concrete surface design for slabs, plates, and walls is possible in the RF-CONCRETE Surfaces module according to the ACI 318-19 or the CSA A23.3-19 standard. A common approach for slab design is the use of design strips for determining the average one-way internal forces over the width of the strip. This design strip method essentially takes a two-way slab element and applies a simpler one-way approach to determine the required reinforcement needed along the strip length.
With the RF-STABILITY and RSBUCK add-on modules for RFEM and RSTAB, it is possible to perform eigenvalue analyses for member structures in order to determine the effective length factors. The effective length coefficients can then be used for the stability design.
Numerous nonlinearities can occur in a structural system. The RF-DYNAM Pro - Nonlinear Time History add-on module was developed in order to model them realistically in a dynamic analysis. To explain how the add-on module works, the procedure is described below with an example.
The calculation in RFEM is usually carried out in several calculation steps (iterations). It is then possible to consider particular characteristics of the model, such as objects with nonlinear functions. In addition, by using the iterative calculation, nonlinear effects are taken into account that result from changes in deformation and internal forces in case of the second-order analysis or when considering large deformations (cable theory). In case of complex models, geometric linear calculations are usually insufficient.
When designing steel columns or steel beams, it is usually necessary to carry out cross-section design and stability analysis. While the cross-section design can usually be performed without giving further details, the stability analysis requires further user-defined entries. To a certain extent, the member is cut out of the structure; therefore, the support conditions have to be specified. This is particularly important when determining the ideal elastic critical moment Mcr. Furthermore, it is necessary to define the correct effective lengths Lcr. These are required for the internal calculation of slenderness ratios.
Effective lengths for columns can be determined automatically with RF-/CONCRETE Columns. This article describes which entries are necessary and how the calculation of the effective lengths is performed.
RFEM and RSTAB are able to cover a large number of branches in the building and construction industry with their generally usable structural frame analysis and FEM programs. Designing cable structures is thus also possible in both software solutions. Some assistance tools for modeling and design will be presented in the following text.