Wind Loads

This load wizard facilitates the task of placing wind loads on members of the model in compliance with standards.

Main

The Main tab manages the geometry parameters of the building, including the roof.

Type

The following building shapes are available in the list:

• Vertical walls with flat/monopitch roof
• Vertical walls with duopitch roof
• Flat/Monopitch roof
• Duopitch roof

When creating wind loads on walls carrying a roof, define the "Base corner nodes" of the building first. Use the button and click the four corner nodes of the floor area one after the other in the work window.

Then you define the boundary of the roof plane (as with wind loads only on roofs) by again clicking the four or six corner nodes of the plane(s) using the button. In the case of roof overhangs, specify the upper wall nodes, not the roof nodes.

Set Wind Perpendicular to / in Direction

The table lists four wind flow directions. They refer to the roof sides in accordance with the graphic scheme. You can use the check boxes to control which directions are to be considered for the load generation.

Set Loaded Wall / Roof

The table provides an overview of the properties of the wall or roof plane(s). If necessary, you can use the check boxes to exclude any wall or roof side from the load assignment.

Generated on Members No.

This dialog section shows the members that get a proportional wind load. The entries are available as soon as the wind load is generated from the complete data after using the button.

To exclude certain members from the load transfer, click into a field of the 'Without Load' column. With the button, you can then select the members in the work window that are load-free, such as bracings or purlins. You can also specify a template member that runs parallel to the unloaded members. In this way, you do not need to select the members individually.

Parameters

In the Parameters tab, you can define the load parameters and consider special boundary conditions for the generation.

Definition

If you have adopted the location from the online map in the "Model Parameters" tab of the "Base Data" dialog box, the "Map and parameters" definition type is preset. The wind load is determined automatically. Use the button to open the wind load map in this tab also.

The "User-defined" definition type allows you to manually define the wind zone, terrain category, altitude, and value of the basic wind velocity.

Parameters

If the "Load zone" (for the German National Annex) is not entered automatically, you can select it in the list. The entries are aligned with the standard you defined in the Standards I tab of the Base Data dialog box.

The "Terrain category" and the "Altitude" (for DIN) are usually preset from the model parameters, but can also be defined manually. They affect the basic value of the basic wind velocity. The "Structure height" is taken from the model geometry for load wizards used for walls. In the case of wind loads acting on roofs, the value must be defined manually.

Wind velocity

The basic value of the fundamental wind velocity v_b,0 is preset from the geographical information. If you want to change the value, tick the "Manual wind velocity definition" check box (for DIN).

Coefficients

The "Directional factor" c_dir and the "Seasonal factor" c_season are included in the determination of the basic wind velocity (see EN 1991-1-4, 4.2).

Velocity pressure

The "Basic velocity pressure" q_b according to EN 1991-1-4, (4.10) is required to determine the peak velocity pressure, which includes the mean and short-term velocity changes.

Load distribution

Currently, only trapezoidal loads resulting from the load components are generated on members.

Options

If you tick the 'Lock for new objects' check box, the wind load acts only on the currently available members of the planes according to the definition set in the 'Main' tab. Any members you add in a wall or roof plane later will not get any components of the wind load.

The "Consider member eccentricity" option controls whether the wind load acts on the members in the plane without considering eccentricities (default setting). If you activate the check box, the load is not applied to members for which an out-of-plane offset is available.

With the "Consider section distribution" check box, you can control whether the wind load resulting from a taper definition also acts on the inclined members (default setting). If you activate the check box, the wind load will not be applied to members within the load plane that have a non-uniform cross-section distribution (see the Section chapter).

If you tick the "Consider internal pressure" check box, you can define the internal pressure coefficients c_pi for each of the wind directions in an additional category. This allows you to determine effects produced by openings placed in walls. The technical article about the Determination of Internal Pressure Coefficient cpi for Single-Story Buildings According to EN 1991-1-4 provides detailed information on this topic.

Load Cases

The Load Cases tab controls the load cases where the wind loads are stored.

For the individual wind directions, define the load cases in which the wind loads are to be stored. As described, for example, in EN 1991-1-4, Table 7.3a, different pressure coefficients have to be taken into account for a monopitch roof. For this purpose, pressure loads are created in "Case w+", suction in "Case w-". You can create the corresponding load cases with the button.

Results

In the Results tab, you will find an overview of the parameters used for generating wind loads.

In the table, the "External pressure coefficient" c_pe and the "External wind pressure" w_e are specified for each zone by load. This way, you can check the wind pressures acting on the external surfaces for each wall and roof plane.