Material Properties

This chapter describes the "Concrete" and "Reinforcing Steel" material categories, which are important for the concrete design.

Concrete

Once you activate the concrete design, additional tabs appear in the "Edit Material" dialog box for concrete materials, where you can make important settings for the concrete design. The general description of this dialog box can be found in Chapter Materials of the RFEM manual.

Time-Dependent Properties of Concrete

Settings

To include "creep" and "shrinkage" in the design, activate the corresponding option in this section. Further specifications are then taken into account for all structural components with the material assigned. If the creep and shrinkage are deactivated, it is not possible to enter further data in the tab.

Specify the "Relative humidity of ambient environment", the "Concrete age at end of curing", and "Age of concrete at loading". Based on this information, the program determines the creep coefficient φ and the shrinkage strain ε.

Modification of Concrete Curing

If activating the Creep, you can use the options in the list to modify the concrete maturation process (see the image Time-Dependent Properties of Concrete). These affect the determination of the creep coefficient φ.

• None: There is no adjustment of the creep coefficient φ.
• Temperature Treatment: Click the button to open a new dialog box. There, you can define the concrete temperature dependent on time. These parameters influence the equivalent concrete age t_0,e. As soon as you have activated the modification using the temperature treatment, you can specify the "Creep Coefficient φ_e at equivalent time" in the Function Data section.

• Measurement of Modulus of Elasticity: In case the modulus of elasticity of the concrete was measured on test specimens, you can use this option to replace the calculated value of the creep coefficient φ by the measured value. Enter the "Measured modulus of elasticity" of the test specimen and the "Concrete age" at the time of measurement. Based on this information, the program determines the equivalent concrete age t_0,e, which again modifies the creep coefficient to φ_e.

• Measurement of Concrete Strength: This modification option is similar to the option described above. Instead of the measured modulus of elasticity, enter the concrete compressive strength f_cm(t), which was measured at a certain point in time t.

Function Data (Only for Visualization)

In this section, you can define a cross-section or a thickness of the model and select a "function type" that is shown in the table on the right and in the diagram below.

This allows you to control whether the creep coefficient φ or a type of shrinkage strain (total shrinkage strain ε_cs or its components drying shrinkage ε_cd and autogenous shrinkage ε_ca) are displayed as ordinates. Thus, you get the information about the course of the long-term effects in conjunction with the various settings; for example, for concrete maturation.

The results shown depend on a certain "thickness" or a "section".

In the "Number of steps" n_s text box, you can adjust the division for the table and the diagram. Ten division points are set by default, so the table has eleven result rows.

The "Age of concrete at the considered moment" t is preset to 50 years; this value is converted into days. If necessary, it is also possible to adjust the values here.

The note "only for visualization" in the title of the section means that only the input parameters for the selected cross-section or the selected thickness are specified and visualized with these values. This allows you to check the influence of the respective parameters. For the calculation, however, the creep coefficients and shrinkage strains are calculated separately at the actual design time. This is particularly relevant for the Time-Dependent Analysis (TDA) add-on (still under development).

Diagram

In this section, the function data are shown as a diagram.

If you move the mouse along the graph, the respective abscissas and ordinates appear. Use the mouse wheel to zoom, use the left mouse button to move the diagram, and double-click the mouse wheel to restore the overall view of the diagram.

There are several buttons below the diagram. You can click the button to display the calculated creep and shrinkage parameters in a dialog box.

The options of the list button allow you to display the ordinate and abscissa on a linear or logarithmic scale.

It is also possible to print the diagram. Using the list button , you have the following options:

• Print Graphics to Printer
• Print Graphics to Printout Report
• Print Graphics to PDF
• Print Graphics to Clipboard
• Print Graphics to File

The various functions are described in Chapter Graphics of the RFEM manual.

Use the button to export the table values of the diagram to Excel.

Concrete Settings

In the Concrete Settings tab, you can make special adjustments to the concrete properties. These affect not only the determination of the creep coefficient and shrinkage strain, but also the design of the structural components to which the concrete is assigned.

If necessary, adjust the "maximum aggregate size" d_g. This is included in the detailed design of the user-defined reinforcement.

In the "Aggregate type" list, you can select various types of aggregate. The same applies to the "Cement class" (S, N, or R); it has a great impact on the concrete hardening. In the "Concrete type" list, you can also adjust the manufacturing process of the structural component (monolithic or precast).

Concrete Design

In the Concrete Design tab, you find the standard parameters of the material that apply to the design.

Among other things, there are the partial safety factors of both the concrete and the reinforcing steel, as well as a list of the minimum concrete cover for various exposure classes. These values can be found in the standard that you have specified in the Base Data of the model. For EN 1992‑1‑1, for example, you can find the parameters of the National Annex here; for ACI 318, the values are taken directly from the standard.

Reinforcing Steel

Once you activate the concrete design, an additional tab appear in the "Edit Material" dialog box for concrete materials, where you can adjust the properties of the reinforcing steel. The general description of this dialog box can be found in Chapter Materials of the RFEM manual.

Steel Settings

Use the lists to specify the "classification" of the reinforcing steel (Class N or X) and the "production type"' (hot-rolled or cold-rolled). These properties affect the ductility behavior. Among other things, they are required for the fire protection design.